Arduino platform consists of two parts -  the hardware and the software and is hooked on sensors. You can build as simple as pressing a button, or as complex as using ultrasound to detect distance or sending a message to your computer. So, the Arduino is a simple computer which you can built yourself. It is popular because the hardware is cheap, it is easy to program and there is a huge web community. Read more at: https://www.wired.com/2008/04/just-what-is-an/

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